Which elements are integrated in evidence-based practice to guide decision making in athletic training?

• A. Best available research evidence
• B. Clinical expertise only
• C. Athlete preferences only
• D. Best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and athlete preferences

Answer: (D)

Evidence-based practice in athletic training combines three elements: best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and athlete preferences and values. The research evidence shows which approaches have been shown to work in studies and guides what options are worth considering. Clinical expertise brings hands-on judgment, experience with similar injuries or situations, and the skill to apply research findings to the individual athlete’s context. Athlete preferences ensure that goals, risk tolerance, and treatment acceptability are considered, which supports motivation and adherence.

Relying on only one element can lead to gaps: research alone may overlook individual context, expertise alone may miss current best practices, and preferences alone may overlook safety or effectiveness. Integrating all three allows decisions that are scientifically supported, practically workable, and aligned with what the athlete values. For example, a rehab plan would reflect up-to-date rehab evidence, be tailored to the athlete’s sport and history, and incorporate the athlete’s goals and comfort with progression.